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  <div class="section" id="internet-protocols-and-support">
<span id="internet"></span><h1>Internet Protocols and Support<a class="headerlink" href="#internet-protocols-and-support" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><p id="index-1">The modules described in this chapter implement Internet protocols and  support
for related technology.  They are all implemented in Python. Most of these
modules require the presence of the system-dependent module <a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code></a>, which
is currently supported on most popular platforms.  Here is an overview:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> — Convenient Web-browser controller</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html#browser-controller-objects">Browser Controller Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> — Common Gateway Interface support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#using-the-cgi-module">Using the cgi module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#higher-level-interface">Higher Level Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#functions">Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#caring-about-security">Caring about security</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#installing-your-cgi-script-on-a-unix-system">Installing your CGI script on a Unix system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#testing-your-cgi-script">Testing your CGI script</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#debugging-cgi-scripts">Debugging CGI scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#common-problems-and-solutions">Common problems and solutions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cgitb.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></code> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.util</span></code> – WSGI environment utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.headers</span></code> – WSGI response header tools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.simple_server</span></code> – a simple WSGI HTTP server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.validate</span></code> — WSGI conformance checker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.handlers</span></code> – server/gateway base classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> — URL handling modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#request-objects">Request Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#openerdirector-objects">OpenerDirector Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#basehandler-objects">BaseHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpredirecthandler-objects">HTTPRedirectHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpcookieprocessor-objects">HTTPCookieProcessor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#proxyhandler-objects">ProxyHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgr-objects">HTTPPasswordMgr Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgrwithpriorauth-objects">HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects">AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpbasicauthhandler-objects">HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#proxybasicauthhandler-objects">ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects">AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpdigestauthhandler-objects">HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#proxydigestauthhandler-objects">ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httphandler-objects">HTTPHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpshandler-objects">HTTPSHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#filehandler-objects">FileHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#datahandler-objects">DataHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#ftphandler-objects">FTPHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#cacheftphandler-objects">CacheFTPHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#unknownhandler-objects">UnknownHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httperrorprocessor-objects">HTTPErrorProcessor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#legacy-interface">Legacy interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#urllib-request-restrictions"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> Restrictions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.response</span></code> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.parse</span></code> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#url-parsing">URL Parsing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#structured-parse-results">Structured Parse Results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#url-quoting">URL Quoting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.error.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.error</span></code> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.robotparser.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.robotparser</span></code> —  Parser for robots.txt</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http</span></code> — HTTP modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html#http-status-codes">HTTP status codes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#httpconnection-objects">HTTPConnection Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#httpresponse-objects">HTTPResponse Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#httpmessage-objects">HTTPMessage Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> — FTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html#ftp-objects">FTP Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html#ftp-tls-objects">FTP_TLS Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> — POP3 protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#pop3-objects">POP3 Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#pop3-example">POP3 Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#imap4-objects">IMAP4 Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#imap4-example">IMAP4 Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code> — NNTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#nntp-objects">NNTP Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#attributes">Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#methods">Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#utility-functions">Utility functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> — SMTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#smtp-objects">SMTP Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#smtp-example">SMTP Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code> — SMTP Server</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#smtpserver-objects">SMTPServer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#debuggingserver-objects">DebuggingServer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#pureproxy-objects">PureProxy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#mailmanproxy-objects">MailmanProxy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#smtpchannel-objects">SMTPChannel Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></code> — Telnet client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html#telnet-objects">Telnet Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html#telnet-example">Telnet Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> — UUID objects according to <strong>RFC 4122</strong></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html#example">Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver</span></code> — A framework for network servers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#server-creation-notes">Server Creation Notes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#server-objects">Server Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#request-handler-objects">Request Handler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#examples">Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#socketserver-tcpserver-example"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver.TCPServer</span></code> Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#socketserver-udpserver-example"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver.UDPServer</span></code> Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#asynchronous-mixins">Asynchronous Mixins</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.server</span></code> — HTTP servers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookies</span></code> — HTTP state management</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html#cookie-objects">Cookie Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html#morsel-objects">Morsel Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html#example">Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookiejar</span></code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#cookiepolicy-objects">CookiePolicy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#defaultcookiepolicy-objects">DefaultCookiePolicy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#cookie-objects">Cookie Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc</span></code> — XMLRPC server and client modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.client</span></code> — XML-RPC client access</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#serverproxy-objects">ServerProxy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#datetime-objects">DateTime Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#binary-objects">Binary Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#fault-objects">Fault Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#protocolerror-objects">ProtocolError Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#multicall-objects">MultiCall Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#convenience-functions">Convenience Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-usage">Example of Client Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-and-server-usage">Example of Client and Server Usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.server</span></code> — Basic XML-RPC servers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-objects">SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-example">SimpleXMLRPCServer Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html#cgixmlrpcrequesthandler">CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html#documenting-xmlrpc-server">Documenting XMLRPC server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html#docxmlrpcserver-objects">DocXMLRPCServer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html#doccgixmlrpcrequesthandler">DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ipaddress</span></code> — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#convenience-factory-functions">Convenience factory functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#ip-addresses">IP Addresses</a><ul>
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